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Thank You Sonny and thank you also for

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for giving a brief introduction at least

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showing two beautiful pictures of those

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minerals at the beginning in your talk

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and how did it advanced already that was

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weird so again I'm wire grace I'm at

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cu-boulder I'm gonna be talking about

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these alien aight jarrow site minerals

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if you're like I don't know what these

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are don't worry i will explain what they

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are and why you should care about them

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so this story starts on Mars where in

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2004 opportunity identified the mineral

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Jerry site at its landing site here

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you're seeing opportunity looking back

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at its big balloon thing that it used to

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safely land and this was a really

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exciting discovery we we knew that there

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were tons of sulfates on Mars we'd seen

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them from orbiters and it'd been

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hypothesized that some of those sulfites

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were formed through acid sulphate

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alteration by the discovery of Jerry

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site pretty much cinch that Jerry site

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requires pretty much acid sulphate

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alteration to foreign and as the name

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implies acid sulphate alteration

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involves very low pH and a lot of sulfur

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to alter that starting material in the

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case of Mars that's basalt pretty much

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and so juris I man what gave away the

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punch line Jerris i means that the

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environment early Mars would have had to

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have been very acidic we're talking a pH

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of three or less at the sites where

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Jerry site was found it also means that

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the environment has to be pretty water

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limited otherwise it would continue to

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react and form minerals like hematite I

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now also has to be a pretty highly

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oxidizing environment and very

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significantly for astrobiology purposes

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Jerry's like can be made my by microbes

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microbes can get involved with oxidation

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of iron and sulfur this was a pretty

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deciding discovery but if you recall is

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how are the slides advancing without my

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touching them that's oh weird okay so

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that's good to know so we've got a le

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night injury site or

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members of a mineral group if you recall

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I mentioned that i'm talking about both

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of them today and they've got this

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mineral formula where we've got a

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potassium or sodium any cation really

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can go in that a site these are the two

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that matter here aluminum or iron in

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that piece site and then we got some

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sulfate and hydroxide and in that a site

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if it's a sodium then it's we're going

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to call it natural something if it's

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then that be site if it's iron then

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that's got juris that means it's jer

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site and if it's aluminum that means

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it's all a night and these definitions

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work pretty well because for most of

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history where you didn't really find

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anything that was intermediate between

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these we were only finding the end

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members where that be site was either

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all jeer site or that be site was all

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aluminum however that changed recently

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when Tom McCullum and others went to

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cerro negro and he actually found stuff

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that was intermediate between these end

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members so what I'm showing you here is

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a plot from his 2013 paper you've got

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women imper formula unit on x axis

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you've got iron per formula unit on the

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y-axis and I just noticed that he

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misspelled formula in this paper and and

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I didn't notice and and in the gray

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boxes great triangles you see kind of

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literature group so these are the

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classic alia night classic Jerry site

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and then these six samples from Sarah

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negra that he's showing you most of them

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fall in those great triangles but two of

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them the blue triangle and the red

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circles actually kind of span that

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intermediate range and why this matters

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is that when he looked at these with

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mössbauer which is the instrument the

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opportunity has that they used

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identified to recite these all look

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indistinguishable from Jerry site

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mössbauer only looks at iron and if

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you've got iron in your le night it's

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going to look the same it's jaress I

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even if that's only a little bit of iron

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so this lead is some of the following

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questions first off now we found what

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i'm gonna be calling iron-rich alley

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night you could call it aluminum rich

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Jerris aight for consistency this is

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what i'm calling it the rest of the talk

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and if we

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at several sites in Nicaragua is the

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common alteration product are we going

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to find it at other sites are we going

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to find it perhaps on Mars and if we do

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find it on Mars what does that mean for

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the environment on ancient Mars I told

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you what Jerry site meant for their

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ancient environment how to have very low

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pH highly oxidizing pretty water limited

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but we don't know well I will tell you

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what it would mean if it's Irish alley

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night instead and lastly how can we

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distinguish between Jerry site and Ally

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night and these intermediate species on

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Mars using instruments that are online

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Mars now or will be on Mars and in your

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future whoops so to answer these

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questions I'm going to show you some

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results from three different volcanic

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analogs for ancient Mars he so cerro

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negro and nicaragua polis and turrialba

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in costa rica and a lot of the data i'm

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going to show you comes from xrd Thank

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You svet for giving a brief introduction

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to that and we've got this beautiful

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field instrument on the left this is

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called the terra that can actually come

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out to the field you're seeing it in

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this image actually within the turrialba

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crater and this was specifically

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designed to be analogous to come in on

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MSL so it's analogous to the xrd

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instrument that is currently right now

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on curiosity and so I'm going to show

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you some different temperature and pH

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regimes that kind of identify their

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president pretty much all three of these

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different volcanic analogs at several

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different sites within these volcanic

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analogs in this first site where you see

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me at cerro negro i'm zooming in on what

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i'm looking at as well as at turrialba

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if we've got a temperature of about 80

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100 degrees Celsius ph of 2 or less we

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seal of silica minerals cristobalite is

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a high-temperature version of quartz

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amorphous silica we see some sulfates

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like gypsum and naturally night wink

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wink as well as some sulfur that hasn't

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been fully oxidized again I'm drawing

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attention to that natural la night and

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if you call natural just

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it's got sodium in front instead

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potassium and i'm going to call those

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sites hot in acidic and my computer is

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going on without me the next site is a

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kind of site has 50 100 agrees celsius

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ph maybe three to five so we're going a

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little down and temperature a little up

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in PH these sites have gypsum a sulfate

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amorphous silica Christobel I again

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you're also seeing plagioclase which is

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a mineral from that starting basalt so

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that stuff that hasn't gone fully

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altered as well as hematite so an iron

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oxide again I'm going to draw attention

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to that naturally night and although

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this is obviously relative I'm going to

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call this moderate for for these kinds

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of sites us moderate the next kind of

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site we're talking about even lower

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temperatures things you might actually

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be able to tolerate here naturally night

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is actually the most dominant mineral so

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I've just been showing you in fact

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actually the most dominant minerals that

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are found in twenty-five percent more of

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the samples from these sites and here

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naturally night is just the most

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dominant of all we're also seeing some

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peroxide which is another like

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plagioclase mineral and basalt ger tight

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which is another iron oxide and I'm

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actually suming in on this a patch of

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natural ally night there with my um with

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my little knife next to it and I'm

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calling these dome edge or crater rim

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and the last time going to briefly talk

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about is kind of flu via lat wash site

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so these are sites that we basically are

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just seeing stuff that rain has just

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kind of brought down to the central

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crater um and it's just kind of float in

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there so again naturally nighy is most

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dominant here we also have seen clays or

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forming here with all that nice water

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I'm still investigating which kinds of

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clays that's work in progress as I speak

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unfortunately though we don't know

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exactly where these may be from they

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could have been washed down from any

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part of the crater rim but it's so cool

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that naturally night is most dominant

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here so I'm going to quickly tell you

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this formula which basically just says

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that fe number is the percentage of iron

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in that beast site that's all you need

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to know here so that least I can have

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aluminum and or

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iron and fe number is how much iron so

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I'm showing you here now a plot of those

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three different three of those different

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environments I showed you the honda

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civic which is ph less than two or equal

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less than or equal to 2 temperature 80

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to 100 Celsius that moderate conditions

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which is pH is 325 and temperature about

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50 to 100 degrees Celsius and that dome

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edge with kind of an even lower

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temperature I'm showing you the fe

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number four samples from to those

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volcanic sites turrialba and po s that i

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determined with either electron

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microprobe and p or the SEM EDS and here

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you're seeing that some of these are

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really concentrated either pretty close

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to zero so pretty close to the

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literature values of value night or for

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some of them it kind of spans a huge

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range so that iron concentration can be

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anywhere from zero to even higher than

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20 in some of these samples um and what

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you actually knows if you notice that

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there's got like different kinds of

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shading in a sense the translucency it's

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like a fifty percent translucent so the

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more concentrated the color that more

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like the more data like for that site

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and to kind of show you what this looks

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like in an actual grain this is an image

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from the SEM and you're seeing a giant

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old grain of naturally night and all

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that great stuff is just regular old

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naturally night but the kind of white

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streak through the middle that's

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iron-rich alley night so it's you know

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it's compositionally still naturally

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night but it's got a lot more iron and

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that rather than aluminum entirely and

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it's be site and that has an Fe number

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in the center kind of the the most iron

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rich of about sixteen so kind of the big

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takeaway from this is that fe number

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varies between and even within grains

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from the same sample there's a lot of

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very building and where that iron is

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locating but then the question is how

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does that affect whether we're going to

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be able to identify it with instruments

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that we have on Mars so now I'm going to

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briefly talk a little bit more oops

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about xrd which is just that it uses

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Bragg's law essentially

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we send in an x-ray with cobalt or

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copper so we know the lambda the

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wavelength it comes out a certain angle

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from the angle we can determine the

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spacing between the mineral layers so

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minerals are crystalline solids so

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they've got characteristic spacing that

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we can use to kind of understand the

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mineral and determine what mineral is so

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I'm still showing you that formula and

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essentially what i'm showing you several

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natural ally nights standards plotted up

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here and based on their fe number and

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although obviously it's very small

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differences we're talking angstroms here

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there is a significant variation and

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increase with fe number of that spacing

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between the mineral layers so this is

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something that curiosity could actually

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do this is something that chem and data

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will give us that we can actually

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determine if we're looking at a pure

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jerry site or we're looking at something

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that's intermediate something that's

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between alley night and jer site so to

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talk briefly about the implications yes

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i nurture natural a night was found at

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pretty much all of these different sites

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um furthermore that iron rich al unite

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was forming at peaches of up to five and

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jer site if you recall was forming only

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at peaches of maybe up to three maybe

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four from generous so that means

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something different about the ancient

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environmental conditions and lastly we

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can use xrd to distinguish between the

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alley night and the juror site species

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on Mars so lastly i'm currently using

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also some ramen data collected to try

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and see how the peaks are shifting

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relative to the SP number unfortunately

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each peak shift slightly differently so

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it's not quite straightforward as with

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xrd but that's something i'm working on

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figuring out and i'd like to take my

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advisor and these pair of pants I ruined

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when I sound a few Merle and it's going

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on to next slides but on and thank you

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any questions for Lara got one of them

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oh yes oh I will think about the suit

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man I to pace because the two years ago

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ms arigato several excited ADA from us

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but there is no Charles I day and all

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night but I'm respectable audible I on

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in surveys face what do you know to

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switch my knives what are you sorry oh

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do you know tsushima night Tamina pace

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short midnight a switchman I yeah I

329
00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:04,560
haven't heard of any schwert my night on

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Mars um I don't know if anyone has been

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short my night on Mars but to my

332
00:14:17,180 --> 00:14:13,830
knowledge that hasn't been because two

333
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years ago to ms arigato exide era from

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Mars surface but there's no jarosite and

335
00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:23,730
other night there is um so actually the

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roof had several um I we've had there's

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at least several papers now out on the

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xrd results they've done xrd and i want

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to say at least six sites on Mars some

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of those that data hasn't been published

341
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yet but I LPS sienna and a GU they

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shared that they found Jerris I at

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confidence Hills so that's at the base

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of Mount sharp on I'm eagerly waiting

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for that data be published so I can kind

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of an investigative all but further

347
00:14:58,610 --> 00:14:57,150
about whether that's Jerry site or ally

348
00:15:01,880 --> 00:14:58,620
night or something in between based on

349
00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:01,890
their xrd data I know it's gonna go up

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00:15:07,790 --> 00:15:04,320
on whatever that PDS or whatever that

351
00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:07,800
website is um eventually so I'm really

352
00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:10,170
waiting that why is there I didn't see

353
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jealous Athena excited aerosol yeah

354
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that's renewed us that was presented at

355
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UM a GUI want to say this year um yeah

356
00:15:28,690 --> 00:15:27,360
thank you hey great talk and I have a

357
00:15:31,120 --> 00:15:28,700
question about the

358
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slight where you show different ion

359
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concentration in the three sides yeah

360
00:15:44,410 --> 00:15:42,410
okay um it looks like I only substitutes

361
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in the high temperature acidic

362
00:15:49,930 --> 00:15:46,910
environments a lot do you have an

363
00:15:51,370 --> 00:15:49,940
explanation you know I actually didn't

364
00:15:53,740 --> 00:15:51,380
really think about that that's it that's

365
00:15:55,810 --> 00:15:53,750
a good point on the other hand at the

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dome edge I know if you can tell but

367
00:16:01,180 --> 00:15:58,100
that that top point is like actually

368
00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:01,190
like I think five or six data points are

369
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:02,690
kind of concentrating that top point

370
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:06,710
which is about FB number 15 um so and

371
00:16:11,290 --> 00:16:08,510
that's it much lower temperature we're

372
00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:11,300
talking like 30 to 45 degrees Celsius so

373
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I don't know if there's any correlation

374
00:16:20,290 --> 00:16:16,580
there you know it would be interesting

375
00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:20,300
to find out why iron substitutes in le a

376
00:16:24,820 --> 00:16:23,090
night and that's stuff like something

377
00:16:29,140 --> 00:16:24,830
for further research to understand why

378
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:29,150
that happens and if temperature and pH

379
00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:35,210
are involved in that even more yeah get

380
00:16:42,730 --> 00:16:39,650
one last question here hi good talker so

381
00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:42,740
I I to that question he shows a better

382
00:16:46,570 --> 00:16:45,050
relationship between Deanna composition

383
00:16:48,550 --> 00:16:46,580
you know you get excited pattern there

384
00:16:51,430 --> 00:16:48,560
are many Peaks right mm-hmm what a

385
00:16:55,030 --> 00:16:51,440
particular pika did you pick it up that

386
00:16:58,000 --> 00:16:55,040
a particular devalue do you know the how

387
00:17:00,280 --> 00:16:58,010
much particular yeah yeah let me try and

388
00:17:05,260 --> 00:17:00,290
remember which peak oh boy when I'm put

389
00:17:06,699 --> 00:17:05,270
this together um I think I mean I chose

390
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:06,709
several different peaks and they all

391
00:17:11,650 --> 00:17:08,810
pretty much look the same no matter

392
00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:11,660
which one I chose the plot looks pretty

393
00:17:17,530 --> 00:17:13,370
similar I'm trying remember which

394
00:17:20,380 --> 00:17:17,540
specific one I chose I'm guessing i use

395
00:17:24,189 --> 00:17:20,390
the one that said it's about at 72 date

396
00:17:27,970 --> 00:17:24,199
of 17 40 site i'm using a copper xrd and

397
00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:27,980
about 18 for Ali night as I think the

398
00:17:33,370 --> 00:17:30,770
one I use because it was easy but you

399
00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:33,380
can also use the one that's around a 2

400
00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:35,840
theta of my gosh it's just continuing on

401
00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:38,090
still you can also use a one that's a 2

402
00:17:42,530 --> 00:17:41,930
theta of around 30 yeah there's several

403
00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:42,540
different piece

404
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:44,730
genius right for publication you need a

405
00:17:48,890 --> 00:17:47,010
mega specific put a million decks over

406
00:17:50,810 --> 00:17:48,900
there so people can correlate to your

407
00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:50,820
data with other people today yeah right